Safety, Efficacy, and Mechanistic Studies RegardingCitrus aurantium(Bitter Orange) Extract andp-Synephrine

Safety, Efficacy, and Mechanistic Studies Regarding Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) Extract and p‐Synephrine

Citrus aurantium L. (bitter orange) extracts that contain p-synephrine as the primary protoalkaloid are widely used for weight loss/weight management, sports performance, appetite control, energy, and mental focus and cognition. Questions have been raised about the safety of p-synephrine because it has some structural similarity to ephedrine. This review focuses on current human, animal, in vit...

A Review of the Human Clinical Studies Involving Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) Extract and its Primary Protoalkaloid p-Synephrine

This review summarizes the published as well as unpublished human studies involving Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine, providing information and an assessment of the safety and efficacy of these widely used products. The results of over 20 studies involving a total of approximately 360 subjects that consumed p-synephrine alone or in combination ...

Safety and efficacy of a pre-wrkout dietary supplement with and without synephrine

Background A number of nutritional strategies have been developed to optimize nutrient delivery prior to exercise. As a result, a number of pre-workout supplements have been developed to increase energy availability, promote vasodilation, and/or positively affect exercise capacity. The purpose of this study was to examine the safety and efficacy of a preworkout dietary supplement with and witho...

Efficacy and Safety Assessment: History and Case Studies Efficacy and Safety Assessment: History and Case Studies

Platinum-oxygen Bond Formation: Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies

Reaction of [PtMe(C^N)(SMe2)] (C^N = 2-phenylpyridinate (ppy); 1a, C^N = benzo[h]quinolate, (bhq); 1b) with hydrogen peroxide gives the platinum(IV) complexes trans-[PtMe(OH)2(C^N)(H2O)] (C^N = ppy; 3a, C^N = bhq, 3b) bearing platinum-oxygen bonds. The Pt(II) complexes 1a and 1b have 5dπ(Pt)→π*(C^N) MLCT band in the visible region which is used to easily follow the kinetic of its reaction with ...